After 30 minutes, these brave volunteers place their arms into the first two of four cages of disease-free mosquitoes for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, the subjects withdraw their arms, then repeat the process by placing their arms into a second pair of cages of disease-free mosquitoes of a different species, for another 5 minutes.
The subjects then walk around for about 10 minutes, to stimulate sweating—this is to mimic a real-world setting, in which users might be active while wearing repellent. Half an hour later, this procedure is repeated once, and then again once every hour after that until a repellent fails our test, or until 8 hours have passed since it was applied.
You might not think to read the label before buying an insect repellent. The top-performing products in our tests contained one of these three active ingredients: deet, oil of lemon eucalyptus, or picaridin. And all are safe when used as directed. Many people assume that the more deet N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide a product contains, the better. And some research suggests that the remote risks associated with deet, like rashes and even seizures, may occur when too much of the product is used.
See below for how to safely apply all repellents. At 30 percent and below, deet is safe for pregnant women and children who are at least 2 months old. This is a synthetic repellent modeled after a compound that occurs naturally in the black pepper plant. We recommend two 20 percent picaridin products and one 10 percent picaridin product, all sprays. But concentration matters: Another product, with just 5 percent picaridin, is one of our lowest-scoring insect repellents.
And, at least when it comes to picaridin, form seems to matter. Of two other picaridin products in our tests, we find that neither a 20 percent lotion nor a 20 percent wipe works as well as the 20 percent picaridin sprays. Finally, while picaridin is deemed safe, even for use on infants who are at least 2 months old and on pregnant women, it can irritate your skin and eyes, so you should use it carefully. Shop Sawyer Insect Repellent on Amazon.
This is a refined version of a naturally occurring compound extracted from the gum eucalyptus tree. It can also be produced synthetically. Four products in our insect repellent ratings that contain 30 percent oil of lemon eucalyptus OLE do well in our tests.
OLE also appears to be safe when used properly, though it can cause temporary eye injury. Pregnant women can use it, but the Food and Drug Administration recommends against using it on children younger than 3.
Shop Repel Lemon Eucalyptus on Amazon. IR is a synthetic compound that is structurally similar to a naturally occurring amino acid. And 2-undecanone is a synthesized version of a compound found in rue, wild tomatoes, and several other plants. Today, these compounds improve the lives of soldiers and civilians around the world and help fight dengue fever, malaria, and a host of other mosquito-borne illnesses and diseases. The USDA first tested it in an agricultural setting, but it was quickly put into military use in Picaridin, also known as icaridin, is a synthetic insect repellent developed in the s by the German company, Bayer.
Other than their compositions, both Deet and Picaridin are very similar. Mosquitos are the most dangerous insects in the world, killing more than 1 million people per year around the world thanks to a host of different mosquito-borne diseases. Here are the most common. These mosquitoes also spread Zika, chikungunya, and other viruses. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, vomiting blood, rashes, aches, pains, eye pain, belly pain, bleeding from nose and gums, and lethargy. These mosquitoes bite during the day and night.
So here is our attempt at answering all of those questions! Permethrin is a direct-contact insecticide, and DEET being a repellent that temporarily blocks the neuron receptors that detect CO 2.
Permethrin is virtually non-toxic to humans and no systemic effects have been reported. When used as a repellent, permethrin is applied to exterior clothing where it dries and bonds to the cloth fiber. This water-based formula is non-staining, odorless and has exceptional resistance to degradation by sunlight UV , heat and water. Although permethrin is approved for skin application under certain circumstances such as head lice formulas, it is not applied to skin as a repellent.
Because of these attributes permethrin offers no repellent benefit on skin. It is only effective when used as a clothing treatment. Deactivation of permethrin on skin occurs in approximately 20 minutes; however, when placed on clothing, it tends to last up to 6 weeks and even lasts through weekly launderings. When it comes to use on children, few studies have focused specifically on this demographic. However, there is little reason to believe that if affects children differently than adults.
This includes DEET and any other type of repellent. The CDC does recommend picaridin for children over 2 months old and for adults as a safe and effective mosquito repellent. There is no evidence that either compound has a negative effect on either the mother or the fetus. Picaridin does not seem to have any serious negative effects on the environment. It may be moderately toxic to some fish, but only in large doses. Picaridin is considered non-toxic to birds and other land animals.
Bacteria in the soil break down picaridin and it does not last long enough to leach into groundwater. There have been some studies that have detected the presence of picaridin in wastewater.
However, there is no measurable picaridin in water that has been treated by a wastewater plant and reintroduced to the environment. Picaridin has become the best selling mosquito repellent in Europe and Australia. And it is not hard to see why. Picaridin has been shown to be just as effective as DEET at repelling mosquitoes.
But it also has several distinct advantages over DEET. First of all, picaridin does not have the same greasy feel as DEET. Once picaridin is applied it is odorless and non-greasy. It also does not damage plastics or other synthetic materials like DEET. Picaridin has been shown in many studies to be just as effective as DEET. That being said, it has not been shown to be more effective than DEET. So for sheer mosquito repelling power, the choice is really yours. The one possible advantage of DEET is its long history.
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